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SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND
Constitution Explorer

Browse the key pillars, chapters, and articles of the national constitution in an elegant, interactive layout. Use the filters to discover how rights, institutions, elections, and public finance are organised under the supreme law.

Preamble, principles & core values Fundamental rights & freedoms Parliament, Executive & Judiciary Elections & citizen participation
Constitution snapshot (demo)
Adopted 1995
Last amendment 2020
Chapters 17
Articles (demo) 24
Replace this demo data with the official constitutional text stored in your government law database or open data API.
The Constitution
1995 – 2020
From adoption to the latest amendment, showing a living, evolving document.
Rights focus
4
Key demo articles on life, equality, and freedoms that define human dignity.
Institutions & power
4
Demo provisions on Parliament, Executive, and Judiciary.
Democracy & elections
3
Demo provisions on voting rights and the electoral commission.
Focus:
Key articles (demo)
Quickly scan highlighted provisions by article number. Filters and highlighting update live so you can focus on what matters most.
Showing 24 of 24 demo articles
Art. 1
Supremacy of the Constitution
Chapter 1 — The Constitution and the State
Supremacy of the Constitution Principle In force
Affirms that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and that any other law or custom inconsistent with it is void to the extent of the inconsistency.
Keywords: supreme law, invalidity, hierarchy of norms Pillar key: supremacy
Art. 2
Sovereignty of the People
Chapter 1 — The Constitution and the State
Supremacy of the Constitution Principle In force
Declares that all power belongs to the people who exercise their sovereignty in accordance with this Constitution through regular, free and fair elections and other civic processes.
Keywords: sovereignty, people, power, legitimacy Pillar key: supremacy
Art. 3
Defence of the Constitution
Chapter 1 — The Constitution and the State
Supremacy of the Constitution Defence In force
Obliges every citizen and organ of state to uphold and defend the Constitution, and prohibits unlawful attempts to overthrow the constitutional order.
Keywords: duty, loyalty, unconstitutional change Pillar key: supremacy
Art. 4
Promotion of Constitutional Values
Chapter 1 — The Constitution and the State
Supremacy of the Constitution Principle In force
Mandates the state to promote values such as transparency, accountability, equality, and social justice in all spheres of governance.
Keywords: values, transparency, accountability, justice Pillar key: supremacy
Art. 20
Fundamental and Other Human Rights and Freedoms
Chapter 4 — Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights & Freedoms Rights In force
Defines the inherent nature of rights and freedoms, recognising that they are not granted by the state but are inherent and must be respected, upheld and promoted.
Keywords: inherent rights, dignity, universality Pillar key: rights
Art. 21
Equality and Freedom from Discrimination
Chapter 4 — Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights & Freedoms Rights In force
Sets out the right to equal protection of the law and prohibits discrimination on grounds such as sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, and social or economic standing.
Keywords: equality, non-discrimination, equal protection Pillar key: rights
Art. 22
Protection of the Right to Life
Chapter 4 — Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights & Freedoms Rights In force
Safeguards the right to life and sets strict limits on when life may be taken in accordance with the law and due process.
Keywords: life, protection, due process Pillar key: rights
Art. 29
Protection of Freedom of Expression, Assembly, and Association
Chapter 4 — Protection and Promotion of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights & Freedoms Rights In force
Protects freedoms that allow citizens to speak, organise, associate, and assemble peacefully, subject only to limitations that are lawful, necessary, and proportionate.
Keywords: expression, assembly, association, media Pillar key: rights
Art. 70
System of Government
Chapter 7 — The Legislature and Government System
Organs of State & Separation of Powers Structure In force
Defines the system of government, outlining whether it is presidential, parliamentary, or hybrid, and explains how power is shared among the branches of state.
Keywords: system, presidential, parliamentary, branches Pillar key: governance
Art. 77
Composition of Parliament
Chapter 6 — The Legislature
Organs of State & Separation of Powers Structure In force
Specifies how Parliament is composed, including members directly elected, special interest representatives, and any ex officio members.
Keywords: parliament, composition, representation Pillar key: governance
Art. 98
The President
Chapter 7 — The Executive
Organs of State & Separation of Powers Structure In force
Describes the office of the President as Head of State, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief, with duties to uphold, safeguard, and follow the Constitution.
Keywords: president, executive, head of state, head of government Pillar key: governance
Art. 126
Exercise of Judicial Power
Chapter 8 — The Judiciary
Organs of State & Separation of Powers Structure In force
Provides that judicial power is derived from the people, exercised in the name of the people, and based on principles of justice, fairness, and respect for human rights.
Keywords: judiciary, courts, justice Pillar key: governance
Art. 59
Right to Vote
Chapter 5 — Citizenship and Participation
Democracy, Participation & Elections Elections In force
Recognises the right and duty of every citizen of voting age to vote in regular, free and fair elections, and requires the state to take steps to ensure that this right is practical.
Keywords: vote, suffrage, participation, duty Pillar key: elections
Art. 60
Electoral Commission
Chapter 5 — Citizenship and Participation
Democracy, Participation & Elections Elections In force
Establishes an independent Electoral Commission responsible for organising, conducting, and supervising elections and referenda.
Keywords: electoral commission, independence, referenda Pillar key: elections
Art. 61
Functions of the Electoral Commission
Chapter 5 — Citizenship and Participation
Democracy, Participation & Elections Elections In force
Sets out the functions of the Electoral Commission, including voter registration, delimitation of constituencies, and management of electoral processes.
Keywords: functions, voter register, delimitation Pillar key: elections
Art. 176
Principles of Decentralisation
Chapter 11 — Local Government
Decentralisation & Local Government Structure In force
Lays down the principles of decentralisation, ensuring that local governments share power and responsibility for services with the central government.
Keywords: decentralisation, local government, subsidiarity Pillar key: local
Art. 180
Elections of Local Government Councils
Chapter 11 — Local Government
Decentralisation & Local Government Elections In force
Provides for regular democratic elections to local government councils and sets conditions for eligibility and representation.
Keywords: local elections, councils, grassroot democracy Pillar key: local
Art. 153
Consolidated Fund
Chapter 9 — Finance
Public Finance & Accountability Finance In force
Establishes a Consolidated Fund into which all public revenue is paid and from which public expenditure is authorised by Parliament.
Keywords: consolidated fund, public finance, budget Pillar key: finance
Art. 163
Auditor General
Chapter 9 — Finance
Public Finance & Accountability Finance In force
Creates the office of the Auditor General to audit and report on the public accounts of all public offices and organisations funded from public resources.
Keywords: auditor general, audit, accountability Pillar key: finance
Art. 208
Defence Forces
Chapter 12 — Defence and National Security
Defence, Security & Emergency Powers Security In force
Regulates the national defence forces, emphasising non-partisanship, professionalism, and subordinate role to civilian authority.
Keywords: defence, army, non-partisan, civilian control Pillar key: security
Art. 209
Functions of the Defence Forces
Chapter 12 — Defence and National Security
Defence, Security & Emergency Powers Security In force
Specifies the mandate of the defence forces, including defence of sovereignty, protection of territorial integrity, and assisting in emergencies.
Keywords: defend sovereignty, emergencies, mandate Pillar key: security
Art. 225
Declaration of a State of Emergency
Chapter 13 — Emergency Powers
Defence, Security & Emergency Powers Emergency In force
Defines conditions under which a state of emergency may be declared and the safeguards for rights and parliamentary oversight during such periods.
Keywords: emergency, oversight, rights limitations Pillar key: security
Art. 258
Amendment of the Constitution
Chapter 18 — Amendment of the Constitution
Amendment & Protection of the Constitution Amendment In force
Provides procedures for the amendment of the Constitution, including requirements for special majorities and referenda for entrenched provisions.
Keywords: amendment procedure, entrenched clauses, referendum Pillar key: amendment
Art. 260
Amendment of Entrenched Provisions
Chapter 18 — Amendment of the Constitution
Amendment & Protection of the Constitution Amendment In force
Lists key provisions that can only be amended following a referendum and additional safeguards to protect the constitutional order.
Keywords: entrenched, referendum, safeguards Pillar key: amendment